<fst/fstlib.h>
in the installation include directory and link to libfst.so
in the installation library directory. (You may instead use just those include files for
the classes and functions that you will need.) All classes and functions are in the fst
namespace; the examples below assume you are within that namespace for brevity. (Include <fst/fst-decl.h>
if forward declaration of the public OpenFst
classes is needed.)
As an alternative interface, there are shell-level commands in the installation bin
directory that operate on file representations of FSTs.
The command-line flag --help
will give usage information.
a
, output label x
, and weight 0.5. This FST transduces,
for instance, the string ac
to xz
with weight 6.5 (the sum of the arc and final weights).
Note we have assumed the library default Weight type for this description.
// A vector FST is a general mutable FST StdVectorFst fst; // Adds state 0 to the initially empty FST and make it the start state. fst.AddState(); // 1st state will be state 0 (returned by AddState) fst.SetStart(0); // arg is state ID // Adds two arcs exiting state 0. // Arc constructor args: ilabel, olabel, weight, dest state ID. fst.AddArc(0, StdArc(1, 1, 0.5, 1)); // 1st arg is src state ID fst.AddArc(0, StdArc(2, 2, 1.5, 1)); // Adds state 1 and its arc. fst.AddState(); fst.AddArc(1, StdArc(3, 3, 2.5, 2)); // Adds state 2 and set its final weight. fst.AddState(); fst.SetFinal(2, 3.5); // 1st arg is state ID, 2nd arg weightWe can save this FST to a file with:
fst.Write("binary.fst");
# arc format: src dest ilabel olabel [weight]
# final state format: state [weight]
# lines may occur in any order except initial state must be first line
# unspecified weights default to 0.0 (for the library-default Weight type)
$ cat >text.fst <<EOF
0 1 a x .5
0 1 b y 1.5
1 2 c z 2.5
2 3.5
EOF
The internal representation of an arc label is an integer.
We must provide the mapping from symbols to integers explicitly with a symbol table file, also in AT&T format:
$ cat >isyms.txt <<EOF <eps> 0 a 1 b 2 c 3 EOF $ cat >osyms.txt <<EOF <eps> 0 x 1 y 2 z 3 EOFYou may use any string for a label; you may use any non-negative integer for a label ID. The zero label ID is reserved for the epsilon label, which is the empty string. We have included 0 in our table, even though it is not used in our example. Since subsequent FST operations might add epsilons, it is good practice to include a symbol for it. This text FST must be converted into a binary FST file before it can be used by the OpenFst library.
# Creates binary Fst from text file. # The symbolic labels will be converted into integers using the symbol table files. $ fstcompile --isymbols=isyms.txt --osymbols=osyms.txt text.fst binary.fst # As above but the symbol tables are stored with the FST. $ fstcompile --isymbols=isyms.txt --osymbols=osyms.txt --keep_isymbols --keep_osymbols text.fst binary.fstIf the labels are represented as non-negative integers in the text FST, then the symbol table files can be omitted. In any case, the internal representation of the FST is: Once a binary FST is created, it can be used with the other shell-level programs (on the same machine architecture). It can be loaded inside C++ with:
StdFst *fst = StdFst::Read("binary.fst");(See here for more information on FST I/O.)
struct StdArc {
typedef int Label;
typedef TropicalWeight Weight; // see "FST Weights" below
typedef int StateId;
Label ilabel;
Label olabel;
Weight weight;
StateId nextstate;
};
Here are some example accesses of an FST:
typedef StdArc::StateId StateId; # Gets the initial state; if == kNoState => empty FST. StateId initial_state = fst.Start(); # Get state i's final weight; if == Weight::Zero() => non-final. Weight weight = fst.Final(i);
# Iterates over the FSTs states.
for (StateIterator<StdFst> siter(fst); !siter.Done(); siter.Next())
StateId state_id = siter.Value();
# Iterates over state i's arcs.
for (ArcIterator<StdFst> aiter(fst, i); !aiter.Done(); aiter.Next())
const StdArc &arc = aiter.Value();
# Iterates over state i's arcs that have input label l (FST must support this -
# in the simplest cases, true when the input labels are sorted).
Matcher<StdFst> matcher(fst, MATCH_INPUT);
matcher.SetState(i);
if (matcher.Find(l))
for (; !matcher.Done(); matcher.Next())
const StdArc &arc = matcher.Value();
More information on state iterators, arc iterators, and matchers are linked here.
There are various conventions that must be observed when accessing FSTs.
# Print FST using symbol table files.
$ fstprint --isymbols=isyms.txt --osymbols=osyms.txt binary.fst text.fst
If the symbol table files are omitted, the FST will be printed with
numeric labels unless the symbol tables are stored with the FST (e.g.,
with fstcompile --keep_isymbols --keep_osymbols
).
The following command will draw an FST using Graphviz dot format.
# Draw FST using symbol table files and Graphviz dot:
$ fstdraw --isymbols=isyms.txt --osymbols=osyms.txt binary.fst binary.dot
$ dot -Tps binary.dot >binary.ps
Summary information about an FST can be obtained with:
$ fstinfo binary.fst fst type vector arc type standard input symbol table isyms.txt output symbol table osyms.txt # of states 3 # of arcs 3 initial state 0 # of final states 1 # of input/output epsilons 0 # of input epsilons 0 # of output epsilons 0 input label multiplicity 1 output label multiplicity 1 # of accessible states 3 # of coaccessible states 3 # of connected states 3 # of connected components 1 # of strongly conn components 3 input matcher y output matcher y input lookahead n output lookahead n expanded y mutable y error n acceptor y input deterministic y output deterministic y input/output epsilons n input epsilons n output epsilons n input label sorted y output label sorted y weighted y cyclic n cyclic at initial state n top sorted y accessible y coaccessible y string n weighted cycles n
Fst
that additionally supports NumStates()
ExpandedFst
that supports the various mutating operations like AddStates()
and SetStart()
.
VectorFst<Arc>
: a general-purpose mutable FST
ConstFst<Arc>
: a general-purpose expanded, immutable FST
ComposeFst<Arc>
: an unexpanded, delayed composition of two FSTs
StdFst
is a typedef for Fst<StdArc>
. Similar typedefs exist for all the above templates.
For the state and arc iterators, you will get the greatest efficiency if you specify the
most specific FST class as the iterator template argument (e.g., ArcIterator<StdVectorFst>
rather
than ArcIterator<StdFst>
for a known StdVectorFst
).
The C++ FST operations come in three general forms:
Connect
, modifies its input, it has the form:
void Connect(MutableFst<Arc> *fst);
Reverse
, creates a new expanded Fst, it has the form:
void Reverse(const Fst<Arc> &infst, MutableFst<Arc> *outfst);
ComposeFst
, creates a lazy-evaluated Fst, it is a new unexpanded Fst class of the form:
ComposeFst<Arc>(const Fst<Arc> &fst1, const Fst<Arc> &fst2);Delayed Fsts have constant time-class constructors. When components of delayed Fsts are accessed through the
Fst
interface, the automaton is built dynamically, just enough to respond to the accesses requested. It is important that the object access conventions are observed for correct operation.
Several operations, like Union
, come in more than one of the above forms.
fstunaryop in.fst out.fst fstunaryop <in.fst >out.fst
fstbinaryop in1.fst in2.fst out.fst fstbinaryop - in2.fst <in1.fst >out.fst
#include <fst/fstlib.h> namespace fst { // Reads in an input FST. StdVectorFst *input = StdVectorFst::Read("input.fst"); // Reads in the transduction model. StdVectorFst *model = StdVectorFst::Read("model.fst"); // The FSTs must be sorted along the dimensions they will be joined. // In fact, only one needs to be so sorted. // This could have instead been done for "model.fst" when it was created. ArcSort(input, StdOLabelCompare()); ArcSort(model, StdILabelCompare()); // Container for composition result. StdVectorFst result; // Creates the composed FST. Compose(*input, *model, &result); // Just keeps the output labels. Project(&result, PROJECT_OUTPUT); // Writes the result FST to a file. result.Write("result.fst"); }
# The FSTs must be sorted along the dimensions they will be joined. # In fact, only one needs to be so sorted. # This could have instead been done for "model.fst" when it was created. $ fstarcsort --sort_type=olabel input.fst input_sorted.fst $ fstarcsort --sort_type=ilabel model.fst model_sorted.fst # Creates the composed FST. $ fstcompose input_sorted.fst model_sorted.fst comp.fst # Just keeps the output label $ fstproject --project_output comp.fst result.fst # Do it all in a single command line. $ fstarcsort --sort_type=ilabel model.fst | fstcompose input.fst - | fstproject --project_output result.fst
Operation | Usage | Description |
---|---|---|
ArcMap | ArcMap(&A, mapper); | transforms arcs in an FST |
ArcMap(A, &B, mapper); | ||
ArcMapFst<InArc, OutArc, ArcMapper>(A, mapper); | ||
fstmap [--delta=$d] [--map=$type] [--weight=$w] in.fst out.fst | ||
ArcSort | ArcSort(&A, compare); | sorts arcs using compare function object |
ArcSortFst<Arc, Compare>(A, compare); | ||
fstarcsort [--sort_type=$type] in.fst out.fst | ||
Closure | Closure(&A, type); | A* = {ε} ∪ A ∪ AA ∪ .... |
ClosureFst<Arc>(A, type); | ||
fstclosure in.fst out.fst | ||
Compose | Compose(A, B, &C); | composition of binary relations A and B |
ComposeFst<Arc>(A, B); | ||
fstcompose a.fst b.fst out.fst | ||
Concat | Concat(&A, B); | contains the strings in A followed by B |
Concat(A, &B); | ||
ConcatFst<Arc>(A,B); | ||
fstconcat a.fst b.fst out.fst | ||
Connect | Connect(&A); | removes states and arcs not on a path from the start to a final state |
fstconnect in.fst out.fst | ||
Decode | Decode(&A, encoder); | decodes previously encoded Fst |
DecodeFst(A, encoder); | ||
fstencode --decode in.fst encoder out.fst | ||
Determinize | Determinize(A, &B); | creates equiv. FST with no state with two arcs with the same input label |
DeterminizeFst<Arc>(A); | ||
fstdeterminize in.fst out.fst | ||
Difference | Difference(A, B, &C); | contains strings in A but not B; B unweighted |
DifferenceFst<Arc>(A, B); | ||
fstdifference a.fsa b.dfa out.fsa | ||
Disambiguate | Disambiguate(A, &B); | creates equiv. FST with no two successful paths with the same input labels |
fstdisambiguate in.fst out.fst | ||
Encode | Encode(&A, encoder); | combines input labels with output labels and/or weights into new input labels |
EncodeFst(A, encoder); | ||
fstencode [--encode_labels] [--encode_weights] in.fst encoder out.fst | ||
EpsNormalize | EpsNormalize(A, &B, type); | creates equiv. FST with any input (output) epsilons at path ends |
fstepsnormalize [--eps_norm_output] in.fst out.fst | ||
Equal | Equal(A, B) | determines if FSTs A and B have the same states and transitions with the same numbering and order |
fstequal a.fst b.fst | ||
Equivalent | Equivalent(A, B) | determines if acceptors A and B accept the same strings with the same weights |
fstequivalent a.dfa b.dfa | ||
Intersect | Intersect(A, B, &C); | contains strings both in A and B |
IntersectFst<Arc>(A, B); | ||
fstintersect a.fsa b.fsa out.fsa | ||
Invert | Invert(&A); | inverse binary relation; exchanges input and output labels |
InvertFst<Arc>(A); | ||
fstinvert in.fst out.fst | ||
Isomorphic | Isomorphic(A, B) | determines if FSTs A and B have the same states and transitions irrespective of numbering and order |
fstisomorphic a.fst b.fst | ||
Minimize | Minimize(&A); | transforms to equiv. deterministic FSA with fewest states and arcs |
Minimize(&A, &B); | transforms to equiv. deterministic FST with fewest states and arcs | |
fstminimize in.fst out1.fst [out2.fst] | ||
Project | Project(&A, type); | creates acceptor of just the input or output strings |
ProjectFst<Arc>(A, type); | ||
fstproject [--project_output] in.fst out.fsa | ||
Prune | Prune(&A, threshold); | removes paths outside a threshold of best path |
fstprune [--weight=$w] in.fst out.fst | ||
Push | Push<Arc, Type>(&A, flags); | creates equiv. FST pushing weights and/or output labels toward initial or final states |
fstpush [--push_labels] [--push_weights] [--to_final] in.fst out.fst | ||
RandEquivalent | RandEquivalent(A, B, npath); | checks if transducers A and B transduce the same randomly-generated string pairs with the same weights |
fstequivalent --random [-npath=$n] a.fst b.fst | ||
RandGen | RandGen(A, &B [, opts]); | generates random path(s) through an FST |
fstrandgen [--max_length=$l] [--npath=$n] [--seed=$s] [--select=$sel] in.fst out.fst | ||
Relabel | Relabel(&A, isyms, osyms); | changes input and output label IDs |
RelabelFst<Arc>(A, isyms, osyms); | ||
fstrelabel [--relabel_isymbols=$isyms] [--relabel_osymbols=$osyms] in.fst out.fst | ||
Replace | Replace(fst_label_pairs, &B, root_label); | replaces non-terminals with FSTs analogous to an RTN |
ReplaceFst<Arc>(fst_label_pairs, root_label); | ||
fstreplace root.fst rootlabel [rule1.fst rule1.label ...] out.fst | ||
Reverse | Reverse(A, &B); | contains the reversed strings in A |
fstreverse a.fst out.fst | ||
Reweight | Reweight(&A, potentials, type); | creates equiv. FST changing arc weights based on potentials |
fstreweight [--to_final] in.fst potentials.txt out.fst | ||
RmEpsilon | RmEpsilon(&A); | creates equiv. FST with no input/output epsilons |
RmEpsilonFst<Arc>(A); | ||
fstrmepsilon in.fst out.fst | ||
ShortestDistance | ShortestDistance(A, &distance); | shortest distance from initial state to each state |
ShortestDistance(A, &distance, true); | shortest distance from each state to final states | |
fstshortestdistance [--reverse] in.fst [distance.txt] | ||
ShortestPath | ShortestPath(A, &B, nshortest=1); | N-best paths |
fstshortestpath [--nshortest=$n] in.fst out.fst | ||
StateMap | StateMap(&A, mapper); | transforms states in an FST |
StateMap(A, &B, mapper); | ||
StateMapFst<InArc, OutArc, StateMapper>(A, mapper); | ||
fstmap [--map=$type] in.fst out.fst | ||
Synchronize | Synchronize(A, &B); | synchronizes an FST |
SynchronizeFst<Arc>(A); | ||
fstsynchronize in.fst out.fst | ||
TopSort | TopSort(&A); | sorts an acyclic FST so that all transitions are from lower to higher state IDs |
fsttopsort in.fst out.fst | ||
Union | Union(&A, B); | contains strings in A or B |
UnionFst<Arc>(A, B); | ||
fstunion a.fst b.fst out.fst | ||
Verify | Verify(A); | tests sanity of FST's contents |
Weight
type specified in the Arc template parameter of an Fst.
Several Weight
types are predefined in the library that will normally meet your needs.
Among a weight's properties, it must have associated binary operations ⊕ and ⊗ and elements
0 and 1. These are
implemented by a Weight
type with functions Plus(x, y)
and Times(x, y)
and static member functions Zero()
and One()
, respectively. These must form a semiring; see here for a further description of the constraints on these operations and other properties of weights. ⊕
is used to combine the weight of two identically labeled alternative paths, while ⊗ is used to combine weights along a path or when matching
paths in composition or intersection. A state is final if and only its final weight is not equal to 0 . A transition with weight 1 is, in essence, "free". A path with weight 0 is not allowed (since such paths present technical problems with some algorithms).
The following are some useful weight types:
Name | Set | ⊕ (Plus) |
⊗ (Times) |
0 (Zero) |
1 (One) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boolean | {0, 1} | ∨ | ∧ | 0 | 1 |
Real | [0, ∞] | + | * | 0 | 1 |
Log | [-∞, ∞] | -log(e-x + e-y) | + | ∞ | 0 |
Tropical | [-∞, ∞] | min | + | ∞ | 0 |
min
for the Plus
operation.
The OpenFst library predefines TropicalWeight
and LogWeight
as well as the corresponding
StdArc
and LogArc
.
These weight classes represent their weight in a single precision float that is a constructor argument. That float
can be directly accessed with member function Value()
. For unweighted automata, it
is convenient and customary in this library to use TropicalWeight restricted to Zero()
and One()
.
StdArc
is the default arc type for the FST binaries. The Boolean
and Real
weight types not currently pre-defined.
See here for all pre-defined weight types.
From the shell-level, the FST arc type can be specified to fstcompile
with the --arc_type
flag; StdArc
is the default.
(See here for how to your define your own FST arcs and weights if desired.) I | Attachment | History | Action | Size | Date | Who | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
jpg | numericfst.jpg | r1 | manage | 4.8 K | 2007-06-21 - 21:43 | CyrilAllauzen | |
jpg | symbolicfst.jpg | r1 | manage | 4.7 K | 2007-06-21 - 21:43 | CyrilAllauzen |